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Stephen Decatur High School A168 Historical Site |
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Chapter 12 Bernstein Enter subhead content here Ch 12 Bernstein 1.
Developmental psychology is the study of a.
the development of brain structures. b.
the history of the discipline of psychology. c.
children between birth and six years of age. d.
social, emotional, moral, and intellectual development from conception to death. 2. Unlike John Locke, French philosopher
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that children were able to discover how the world operates and how they should behave ______________
from adults. a.
with instruction b.
with instruction but no supervision c.
with instruction and close supervision d.
without instruction 3. The term tabula rasa refers to Locke’s belief that a.
altering people’s inherent personality “slates” is impossible. b.
human development is influenced primarily by the environment. c.
children develop according to an invariable set of stages. d.
humans are born with a natural propensity toward goodness. 4. Discussing child development, you
say that children experience natural growth that is fairly independent of environment. Your friend Xiao argues that children
can be molded into almost anything if the appropriate behaviors are rewarded. You are arguing a _ viewpoint, while your friend
Xiao is arguing a ___ viewpoint. a.
psychodynamic; nature b.
maturational; behaviorist c.
nurture; nature d.
behaviorist; maturational 5. Baby Nikki crawls by moving her right
arm and left leg together, and then her left arm and right leg together. Nikki’s crawling method is most likely to be the result of a.
programming by the “crawling generator” of the brain. b.
maturation. c.
a combination of maturation and experimentation. d.
learning. 6. In his theory of cognitive development,
Piaget postulates that cognitive development is an interaction between ______________ and ______________. a.
maturation; nature b.
teratogens; nature c.
schemas; nurture d.
maturation; nurture 7. Ephraim is a bully on the third-grade
playground. After he pushed little Gideon around, Gideon says to Ephraim, “Something must have happened to you as a
baby that caused you to be such a jerk. Maybe you were dropped on your head.” Ephraim replies, “Shut up, wimp!
I was born to rule.” Ephraim and Gideon are engaged in a debate that reflects the issue of a.
nature vs. nurture. b.
authoritarian vs. authoritative parenting styles. c.
genotype vs. phenotype. d.
assimilation vs. accommodation. 8. Tyra is pregnant. Her doctor tells her that at this stage of the baby’s development,
it can kick, turn its head, open its eyes, and already has taste buds. Tyra’s
baby is in the ______ stage of prenatal development. a.
zygotic b.
fetal c.
embryonic d.
critical 9. You are an organism at some point
during your prenatal development. Just seconds ago, your complete set of DNA was assembled for the first time. Right now,
you are a(n) a.
zygote. b.
embryo. c.
germ. d.
fetus. 10. Nellie has just discovered that she is pregnant. She is a smoker, and knows she should quit because nicotine is especially harmful
to the fetus during the _________ stage of development and leads to ______. a.
embryonic; low birthweight b.
embryonic; mental retardation c.
fetal; loss of limbs d.
fetal; brain damage 11. Baby Moira was born with facial malformations
and mental retardation. Her mother most likely used ______________ during pregnancy. a.
cocaine b.
caffeine c.
alcohol d.
heroin 12. Which of the following statements concerning consumption
of alcohol by women during pregnancy is true? a.
Any amount of alcohol is potentially harmful to the developing child. b.
Consumption during the first eight weeks is relatively harmless because of the small size of the embryo. c.
Damage occurs only during the embryonic stage. d.
Consumption of small amounts of alcohol can actually be beneficial to fetal health. 13. Julio makes a bet with his brother regarding which music their baby sister will prefer. He will probably win
the bet if he picks what type of music? a.
Male vocalists b.
Deep tones c.
Low-pitch music d.
Female vocalists 14. When you go over to visit your friend’s new baby, your friend exclaims, “Watch this! Every time I touch his cheek, he turns his mouth towards my finger!”
Because you’ve taken psychology, you know that this phenomenon is called the ______ reflex. a.
rooting b.
grasping c.
sucking d.
complementary 15. Lorenzo and his mother are camping. Lorenzo cries for his bed when his mom puts him in a sleeping bag for the
night. Finally, Lorenzo’s mom convinces him that he can sleep in a sleeping
bag and Lorenzo starts calling his sleeping bag his bed. According to Piaget Lorenzo is demonstrating a.
assimilation. b.
object permanence. c.
schematic resilience. d.
conservation. 16. Three-year-old Levell sees a small animal that he has never seen before. He doesn’t think it is a dog because
he knows that all dogs have fur. This animal has no fur, so Levell squeals, “Rat!”
His mother explains that it is a chihuahua, and Levell changes his ideas about what dogs are like to incorporate hairlessness.
According to Piaget, Levell has changed his concept by using a.
assimilation. b.
an analogy. c.
accommodation. d.
object permanence. 18. In ______________ , schemas are modified
as the infant tries out familiar schemas on objects that do not fit them. a.
the organizational phase b.
assimilation c.
adaptation d.
accommodation 19. An infant can reach for an object in the dark,
even though she might not look for the same object hidden under a blanket. This indicates that ______________ may develop
earlier than Piaget believed. a.
logical processes b.
object permanence c.
conservation of substance d.
formal operations 20. According to Piaget, the end of the sensorimotor
period is marked by a.
the disappearance of egocentrism. b.
mastery of conservation tasks. c.
the appearance of logical thought. d.
the ability to form mental representations. 21. Rashaun watches his toy disappear behind the couch
and immediately looks away toward another toy. According to Piaget, Rashaun is most
likely age ______________ and in the ______________ stage. a.
one; sensorimotor b.
one; preoperational c.
three; sensorimotor d.
three; preoperational 22. In a series of observations and experiments, Renee
Baillargeon (1987, 1992, 1994) has explained infants’ knowledge of gravity. Based on her research, which of the following
statements is true? a.
Infants of all ages show surprise at physically impossible events. b.
Infants tend to spend equal time looking at new things and at previously seen things. c.
Infants’ increasing knowledge about objects may be the result of their experiences with objects. d.
Infants’ understanding of physics seems to come from the gradual emergence of innate knowledge. 23. Rachel can sort objects by size or color and can
solve simple addition and subtraction problems. However, she cannot think logically about abstract ideas such as freedom and
justice. Rachel is most likely in Piaget’s ______________ stage of cognitive
development. a.
sensorimotor b.
preoperational c.
concrete operational d.
formal operational 24. Recent studies indicate that many people have
never developed beyond the stage of concrete operational thought. Which of the following statements lends support to this
hypothesis? a.
Many college students feel unprepared to select a career. b.
Many day-to-day tasks require only concrete operational skill levels. c.
Many adults are unable to solve problems requiring abstract reasoning skills. d.
There is a wide variation in when people can solve conservation problems. 25. Which of the following statements is false? a.
The effects of negative early experience on cognitive development are, to a large extent, reversible. b.
As a child’s age increases, memory increases. c.
As a child’s age increases, attention span increases. d.
All children develop their cognitive skills at the same pace. 26. Researchers have coined the term “infantile amnesia” to explain the fact that a.
infants have only explicit memories. b.
people have few autobiographical memories
before the age of three. c.
people have a limited amount of storage
and as they acquire “new” memories, “old” memories (from infancy) drop out. d.
information processing occurs at a very
early age, but metacognition develops much later. 27. “When Myoung heard the music outside, she
ran to her piggy bank.” Most people realize that Myoung is going to get money to buy ice cream from a vendor. This is
due to the correct use of a.
cognitive maps. b.
artificial concepts. c.
propositions. d.
scripts. 28. A school board educational committee in a rural
community is contemplating how to help deprived children improve their academic performance. Which elements do they need to
emphasize outside of the classroom, according to developmental psychologists? a.
A decrease in extracurricular activities b.
A good balance between play time and study time c.
More material rewards at home 8d. The presence of a supportive and stimulating adult at home 29. a.
infant monkeys were motivated by the need for contact and comfort. b.
females isolated at birth from all social contact still develop into good mothers. c.
infant monkeys are more attached to caregivers who provide food than to caregivers who provide comfort. d.
monkeys were able to successfully overcome maternal separation and being socially isolated for years. 30. Little a.
infant hyperactivity. b.
an insecure attachment. c.
a secure attachment. d.
sensorimotor play. 31. Erikson felt that each stage of development was
distinguished by a a.
need for approval. b.
feeling of mistrust. c.
psychosocial issue. d.
sexual crisis. 32. Emily is very controlling and never allows her
daughter, Jill, to initiate any activities. According to Erikson, eventually Jill will most
likely experience ______________ when she tries to act independently. a.
mistrust b.
guilt c.
role confusion d.
stagnation 33. Linda and Stu are the parents of two teenagers.
Stu likes to reason with the children and discuss the limits he is setting. Linda likes to lay down the law and take no arguments
from the children. Stu displays a(n) ______________ pattern of parenting, and Linda displays a(n) ______________ pattern. a.
authoritarian; authoritative b.
authoritative; controlling c.
permissive; controlling d.
authoritative; authoritarian 34. Silas expects his son Cole to follow his rules
without talking back to him. If Cole asks why he must do something, Silas responds,
“Because I said so.” Baumrind would characterize Silas’s parenting style as a.
authoritative. b.
authoritarian. c.
permissive. d.
autocratic. 35. Tim loves Sarah and asks her to marry him. He is disappointed when she says she needs time to think about whether or not she
wants to make a life-long commitment to him. According to Erikson’s stages
of psychosocial development, Sarah is struggling with a.
trust vs. mistrust. b.
integrity vs. despair. c.
intimacy vs. isolation. d.
generativity vs. stagnation. 36. Two-and-a-half year old Emma asks her mother if
she can wear her pink princess outfit and eat licorice for lunch, but her mother refuses, insisting that Emma wear and eat
what her mom considers more appropriate. If Emma’s mother never lets her
have any control over making her own choices, according to Erikson, Emma could experience a crisis of a.
trust vs. mistrust. b.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt. c.
industry vs. inferiority. d.
generativity vs. stagnation. 37. Trina’s parents gave her complete freedom while she was growing up, rarely disciplining her. Her parents’
parenting style would most likely be called ______, and Trina was likely ______ as a young girl. a.
authoritarian; distrustful b.
authoritative; friendly c.
permissive; dependent d.
permissive; self-reliant 38. Susie and Ryan are playing house outside. Susie
is pretending to bake cookies and clean the house, while Ryan is pretending to take care of the lawn and fix the car. Susie
and Ryan’s behaviors are examples of a.
concrete operations. b.
identity formulation. c.
gender role-play. d.
sensory play. 39. Michelle is an adolescent in the a.
in Erikson’s stage of trust vs. mistrust. b.
more rebellious than her twin brother. c.
beginning to describe herself in terms of stable psychological characteristics. d.
beginning to lose some of her problem-solving abilities. 40. Which of the following in not true about early adolescence in Western cultures? a.
Eating disorders become more common as people
reach adolescence. b.
Teens who drop out of school are no more
likely than other children to get into trouble with the law. c.
The transition from elementary school to
middle school is often difficult and filled with stressors. d.
Boys tend to have a peak in their growth
spurts later than girls do. 41. Piaget’s formal operational stage of cognitive
development is marked by the first appearance of the ability to a. conserve number and amount. b. engage in abstract, hypothetical thinking. c. form mental representations. d. perform logical operations. 42. Zach wants Kelly to go to the Spring Dance with
him instead of Slater. He lies to Kelly, saying that Slater already has a date for the dance. Zack reasons that it was OK
for him to do this because it will make him happy for Kelly to go to the dance with him.
What stage of moral reasoning describes Zach’s behavior? a. Unconventional b. Conventional c. Preconventional d. Postconventional 43. Elton believes that it is always wrong to tell
a lie because it goes against society’s rules. He believes that there are
no circumstances under which it would be acceptable to tell a lie. According to Kohlberg, Elton’s thinking is characteristic
of the______ level of moral reasoning. a. preconventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. rule-based 44. Leasha is trying to decide whether to use Napster,
the online song-sharing service. She thinks, “If I download songs from
the Internet, the police could track me down and put me in jail. Since I really
don’t want to go to jail, I’m not going to use the service.” According to Kohlberg, in which stage of moral
reasoning is Leasha? a. Preconventional b. Conventional c. Postconventional d. Nonconventional 45. Which is true concerning Kohlberg’s theory of moral development? a. He was more concerned with reasons
behind a decision than with the actual decision itself. b. He thought development ended during
adolescence. c. He thought that stages of development
were culturally determined. d. He believed that at least half of
the adult population would reach the highest stage. 46. Because Lawrence Kohlberg used an all-male sample,
Carol Gilligan rejected his findings that the “moral ideal” is based only on some abstract concept of justice.
Gilligan’s research findings suggest that the female view of morality is based on a. competition and success. b. education and intelligence. c. religious values and compassion. d. caring and relationships. 47. As your grandmother has been getting older, you
have noticed several ways in which her cognitive abilities have begun to decline. As she ages, she is most likely to lose
her ability to a. read a novel. b. remember her pet’s name. c. write you a letter. d. navigate in a city she never visited
before. 48. Gordon is wondering if he should marry Eunice.
Thorne tells Gordon that he should consider that recent statistics show that ______ of marriages in the a. 20% b. 30% c. 50% d. 80% 49. According to research, men who are forced to retire
early could be expected to experience all of the following except a. depression. b. health problems. c. loss of interest in working. d. adjustment problems. 50. A forty year-old who was _____________ at age
20 will be less likely to be dissatisfied in middle adulthood. a. athletic b. sociable c. intellectual d. Both a and b. 51. Social changes, such as becoming more inward looking,
cautious, and conforming, are most characteristic of a. adolescence. b. early adulthood. c. middle adulthood. d. late adulthood. 52. Wilhelmine, a ninety-year-old former accountant,
has recently had difficulty balancing her checkbook and remembering to get her mail. Reading, which used to be her recreation
in life, has now become difficult. Wilhelmine is most likely experiencing a. a cognitive coping strategy. b. a midlife crisis. c. the generativity vs. stagnation crisis. d. terminal drop. 53. Josh finished high school, went away to college,
got married, had children, and then became a grandparent. This sequence of events typifies a. Erikson’s stages of identity
formation. b. Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning. c. generativity. d. adult transitions. 54.
. Otis feels free since his recent divorce. He
quit his bank job and has gone back to school to pursue a career in music performance. Otis is probably having a(n) . peak experience. Essay
Questions 1. Describe the newborn’s sensory and motor abilities. 2. Bernadette is ten years old and in the fourth grade. Describe what
may be occurring in her life according to Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg. 3. A nine-year-old girl and a seven-year-old boy ask their parents to
let them stay awake an hour later each night. Discuss the ways the parents might respond to their children’s request
according to each of Baumrind’s three socialization styles. Sample
Answers to Essay Questions 1. Newborn infants can see, although their vision seems to be much blurrier than that of adults.
Their visual attention is typically focused on objects that exhibit movements, high contrast, large elements, and sharp contours.
They seem to pay particular attention to human faces, and they exhibit size constancy but not depth perception. Newborns hear
poorly but prefer the sound of human voices, particularly the type of speech we call baby talk. Newborns’ senses of
smell and taste are less acute than adults’, but they do seem to prefer sweets and the smell of their mothers if breast-fed.
Infants’
motor skills are also limited, but they do possess certain reflexes that enhance their chances of surviving. These reflexes
include the grasping reflex, the rooting reflex, and the sucking reflex. Infants’ learned motor skills develop quickly,
and this development occurs as a result of both maturation and experimentation that allows them to roll over, sit, crawl,
stand, and eventually walk. 2. Piaget proposed that cognitive capacity develops in an unvarying sequence of stages. The
stage of concrete operations takes place from ages Erikson’s
theory proposes that psychosocial development occurs in eight stages, each of which focuses on one issue or crisis that is
especially important at that particular time of life. The industry vs. inferiority stage occurs from age six through puberty.
Children focus on acquiring basic social and intellectual skills during this period. Bernadette will either develop a sense
of industry and curiosity and be eager to learn, or she will feel inferior and lose interest in the tasks before her. Kohlberg’s
theory is concerned with the development of moral reasoning. He proposed that there are six stages of development in people’s
capacity to consider morals and ethics, but he did not suggest any particular ages at which each stage occurs. Many children
and adolescents function at Stage 3, in which moral decisions are based on how others will feel about the action in question.
Bernadette may base her moral judgments on pleasing others and getting their approval. 3. Baumrind proposed three socialization styles: permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative.
Permissive parents often give their children complete freedom and are lenient about using discipline. If these parents are
permissive, they will probably agree to their children’s request and might not need to have a discussion about it. Authoritarian
parents value obedience. If these parents are authoritarian, they may deny their children’s request because they see
themselves as the rule makers and their children as the rule followers. They may not discuss or explain their decisions. Authoritative
parents would probably sit down with their children and discuss the situation. They may ask the children to explain their
reasons for requesting a later bedtime, while pointing out practical considerations, such as school. They may give their children
the opportunity to help make the decision, thus encouraging the children to be independent while still setting limits. |